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== Origins of Cuban African groups == Clearly, the origin of African groups in Cuba is due to the island's long history of slavery. Compared to the USA, slavery started in Cuba much earlier and continued for decades afterwards. Cuba was the last country in the Americas to abolish the importation of slaves, and the second last to free the slaves. In 1807 the British Parliament outlawed slavery, and from then on the British Navy acted to intercept Portuguese and Spanish slave ships. By 1860 the trade with Cuba was almost extinguished; the last slave ship to Cuba was in 1873. The abolition of slavery was announced by the Spanish Crown in 1880, and put into effect in 1886. Two years later, Brazil abolished slavery.〔Detailed references in Thomas, Hugh 1971. ''Cuba, or the pursuit of freedom''. Eyre & Spottiswoode, London; Thomas, Hugh 1997. ''The slave trade: the history of the Atlantic slave trade 1440-1870.'' Picador, London; Sublette, Ned 2004. ''Cuba and its music: from the first drums to the mambo'' Chicago. part III AfroCuba, p157 et seq.〕 Although the exact number of slaves from each African culture will never be known, most came from one of these groups, which are listed in rough order of their cultural impact in Cuba: # The Congolese from the Congo basin and SW Africa. Many tribes were involved, all called ''Congos'' in Cuba. Their religion is called ''Palo''. Probably the most numerous group, with a huge influence on Cuban music. # The Oyó or Yoruba from modern Nigeria, known in Cuba as ''Lucumí''. Their religion is known as ''Regla de Ocha'' (roughly, 'the way of the spirits') and its syncretic version known as ''Santería''. Culturally of great significance. # The Kalabars from part of Nigeria and Cameroon. These semi-Bantú groups are known in Cuba as ''Carabali'',〔 and their religious organization as ''Abakuá''. The street name for them in Cuba was ''Ñáñigos''. # The Dahomey, from Benin. They were the Fon, known as ''arará'' in Cuba. The Dahomeys were a powerful and violent tribe who practised human sacrifice and slavery long before Europeans arrived, and allegedly even more so during the Atlantic slave trade.〔Sublette, Ned 2004. ''Cuba and its music: from the first drums to the mambo''. Chicago.〕p100 〔Law, Robin 1985. Human sacrifice in pre-colonial West Africa. ''African Affairs'' 84, 334.〕〔Law, Robin 1991. ''The slave coast of West Africa 1550–1750: the impact of the Atlantic slave trade on an African society''. Oxford.〕 # Haitian immigrants to Cuba arrived at various times up to the present day. Leaving aside the French, who also came, the Africans from Haiti were a mixture of groups who usually spoke creolized French: and religion was known as ''vodú''. # From part of modern Liberia and Côte d'Ivoire came the ''Gangá''. # Senegambian people (Senegal, the Gambia), but including many brought from Sudan by the Arab slavers, were known by a catch-all word: Mandinga. The famous musical phrase ''Kikiribu Mandinga!'' refers to them. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Music of African Heritage in Cuba」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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